Country Guides

Citizenship by descent, country by country

Detailed eligibility guides, document checklists, and process walkthroughs for every major citizenship-by-descent pathway in Europe and beyond.

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Full Guides Available

🇮🇹

Italy

Jus sanguinis — reshaped by the 2025 reform

Timeline

1–4 years (consulate); 1–2 years (court)

DIY Cost

$1,000–$5,000

Difficulty

Complex

Last verified August 22, 2026

🇮🇪

Ireland

Foreign Births Register — plus a discretionary fallback

Timeline

9–18 months (FBR); 12–19+ months (Naturalisation by Irish Association)

DIY Cost

$300–$800

Difficulty

Straightforward to Moderate (FBR); genuinely uncertain (Naturalisation by Irish Association)

Last verified August 13, 2026

🇵🇱

Poland

Unbroken citizenship continuity

Timeline

1–3 years

DIY Cost

$1,000–$4,000

Difficulty

Complex

Last verified June 28, 2026

🇭🇺

Hungary

Check verification first — it can skip the language interview entirely

Timeline

6–18 months (official estimate); 12–24 months commonly reported

DIY Cost

$300–$2,000

Difficulty

Moderate

Last verified August 15, 2026

🇭🇷

Croatia

No generational limit for descendants of pre-1991 emigrants

Timeline

12–24 months

DIY Cost

$300–$1,500

Difficulty

Moderate

Last verified August 15, 2026

More Countries — Core Guides

🇩🇪Germany

Descent, a 2031 sex-discrimination fix, or Nazi-era restitution

🇦🇹Austria

Free, no language test, and no generational limit — but the whole case turns on proving persecution

🇪🇸Spain

Nietos window closed — four other routes remain

🇬🇷Greece

Descent through Greek nationals

Limited Descent Paths