Disclaimer

Passport Heritage provides informational guidance on citizenship-by-descent eligibility, documentation and process. It is not a law firm, and nothing on this site constitutes legal or immigration advice.

Citizenship rules change, are subject to interpretation by individual consulates and offices, and can be affected by ongoing litigation or legislative reform — see, for example, Italy's 2025 reform, which is actively being challenged in Italian courts as of this page's writing. We date-stamp every country page with a “last verified” date, but you should always confirm current requirements directly with the relevant consulate, embassy or archive before taking action based on anything here.

Everything we publish and sell — the free country guides, the paid country guides, the Ancestor Records Trace, and the document review call — organises and informs. None of it advises on your individual legal position, and none of it is delivered by a lawyer. We do not currently offer a service that includes legal advice. Where your case needs one — a broken chain of citizenship, a judicial route, a contested rule change — the honest answer is to engage a licensed immigration professional, and we will tell you that rather than sell you something instead.

The Ancestor Records Trace searches publicly accessible digitised archives. It can show that a record exists; it cannot prove that one does not. In particular, not finding a naturalization record is not evidence that your ancestor never naturalised — only an official certificate of non-existence from the relevant government establishes that.

We are not liable for outcomes of applications made using information from this site, and we do not guarantee that any application will succeed or that any office will meet its stated turnaround. Third-party costs — application fees, certificates, apostilles, translations — are set by those third parties and can change.